Mu rwego rw'ibikoresho bya siporo byo mu rugo, MAT yo gutembera yabaye amahitamo y'ingenzi ku bageze mu za bukuru n'abakiri bato kubera imbaraga nkeya no koroshya imikorere. Ariko, kubera kutagira imiterere ishyigikira, MAT yo gutembera isanzwe yongera cyane ibyago byo kutagira ubusumbane mu gihe cy'imyitozo. Dukurikije amakuru y'ubushakashatsi ku buvuzi bwa siporo, amahirwe yo gukoresha ibikoresho byo gutembera nta ntera yo kugabanuka ni 18.7%, muri yo umubare w'abantu barengeje imyaka 65 n'abakiri bato barengeje 72%. Umutambagiro wo gutembera, binyuze mu buryo bwo gushushanya no kurinda umutekano, wubaka imbogamizi z'umutekano mu buryo butatu: gushyigikira guhagarara, kwihuza n'ingendo, no kurinda ubutabazi bwihutirwa. Iyi nkuru izasesengura byimbitse ibyiza byayo by'ingenzi by'umutekano ihuza ibipimo bya tekiniki n'amahame ya siyansi.
Ubwa mbere, shyigikira igishushanyo mbonera cy'inyubako: Hubaka umuyoboro uhamye wo kurinda mu gihe cyo kugenda
Agaciro k'ingenzi k'umutekano w'umutambaro wo ku rukuta ushingiye ku mikorere y'inkunga y'urukuta kugira ngo abantu barebe neza. Ugomba gusesengurwa uhereye ku bintu bitatu: ibikoresho byo ku rukuta, ibipimo by'imiterere, n'imikorere yo kuvugurura, hamwe n'amahame agenga imikorere.
1. Ibikoresho byo mu ntoki n'imiterere ya mekanike: Kunganya ubushobozi bwo gutwara imizigo n'uburyo bworoshye
Imigozi yo mu rwego rwo hejuru igomba kuzuza icyarimwe ibisabwa bibiri byo gukomera no koroherwa no gukoreshwa. Amahame ngenderwaho y’inganda avuga ko ubushobozi bwo gutwara imizigo butaziguye bw’imigozi bugomba kuba munsi ya 150kg, kandi ubushobozi bwo gutwara imizigo (bugaragaza ko umukoresha adashobora guhagarara neza mu gihe afashe) bugomba kuba munsi ya 120kg. Byongeye kandi, nyuma y’ibizamini 100.000 by’imigozi yo gutwara imizigo, igipimo cyo guhindura imiterere y’imigozi kigomba kugenzurwa muri 0.5%. Ibikoresho bisanzwe by’imigozi bigabanyijemo ibyiciro bibiri:
Igikoresho cy'icyuma gifite karubone nyinshi + PU coating:Umurambararo w'umuyoboro w'icyuma gikozwe muri karubone ugomba kuba ≥32mm, n'ubugari bw'urukuta bugomba kuba ≥1.5mm kugira ngo imbaraga zo guhinda zikomeze gukomera. Ubucucike bw'ibikoresho byo hanze bya PU bugomba kugera kuri 0.9g/cm³, kandi ubukana bwa Shore bugomba kugenzurwa kuri 60±5HA, ibi bikaba birinda gusa igitutu cy'intoki giterwa no gukomera cyane ahubwo binarinda ko ubwishingizi buhamye bugira ingaruka bitewe no koroha cyane.
Aluminiyumu yo mu rwego rw'indege + silicone irinda gucika intege:Umugozi w'icyuma gikozwe muri aluminiyumu ukoresha uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bwa 6061-T6, ufite imbaraga zo gukurura ≥310MPa, kandi uburemere bwawo ni 1/3 gusa cy'icyuma cya karuboni gifite imiterere imwe, ibyo bikaba byoroshye mu ngendo rusange z'ibikoresho. Urusobe rwa silicone rudaterera rufite uburebure bwa ≥0.8mm, ingano ya friction ya ≥0.6, n'igipimo cyo kugabanya imbaraga zo gufata cya ≤15% mu kirere gishyushye, bigabanya ibyago byo kunyerera kw'intoki.
2. Guhindura uburebure bw'aho umuntu ahagarara n'aho ahagarara: Kugira ngo habeho ibyo abantu b'ubwoko butandukanye bw'umubiri bakeneye
Ibipimo by'aho umugozi ukorera bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku mikorere y'inkunga kandi bigomba kubahiriza amabwiriza agenga ingano. Ku bijyanye n'intera itambitse, intera yo hagati y'umugozi usanzwe igomba kuba hagati ya mm 580 na mm 650, ikwiranye n'ubugari bw'urutugu bwa 95% by'abantu bakuru (ubugari bw'urutugu rw'abantu bakuru b'Abashinwa ni mm 370 kugeza 450), kugira ngo hirindwe ko amaguru ahambirwa bitewe no kuba magufi cyane cyangwa kudashobora gufata mu gihe bitewe n'uko ari manini cyane. Imikorere yo guhindura uburebure igomba gushingira ku ntera yo guhindura kuva kuri mm 100 kugeza 150. Uburebure buke bushobora guhindurwa bugomba kuba ≥750mm (bukwiriye abantu bafite uburebure bwa cm 150), naho uburebure ntarengwa bushobora guhindurwa bugomba kuba ≤900mm (bukwiriye abantu bafite uburebure bwa cm 190). Intera iri hagati y'ibikoresho byo guhindura igomba kuba ≤20mm. Menya neza ko abakoresha uburebure butandukanye bashobora kubona aho bafata mu buryo busanzwe - iyo uburebure bw'umukono bungana n'ikibuno cy'umukoresha, imitsi ishobora kugabanukaho 28% kandi ihindagurika ry'imitsi rikongera kuzamukaho 40%.
Bimwe mu bicuruzwa byo mu rwego rwo hejuru bifite uburyo bwo guhindura inguni mu buryo bwo gufata, bushobora guhindurwa neza mu ntera iri hagati ya 0° na 15°, bugahuza n'uburyo abakoresha babifata nk'aho bahumye karemano no kwagura imbere gato, bigabanya umuvuduko w'ingingo.
3. Ibisobanuro by'inkunga y'inyongera: Kugabanya ibyago byo kutagera ku busumbane butunguranye
Uretse imiterere y'inkingi y'icyuma gifata icyuma, igishushanyo mbonera kirambuye ni ingenzi cyane mu kurinda umutekano. Impera y'icyuma gifata icyuma igomba kuvurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo guhindura icyuma, kandi uburebure bw'icyuma gifata icyuma bugomba kuba munsi ya mm 5 kugira ngo hirindwe ko impande zityaye zishobora gutera uduce duto cyangwa imvune. Hagomba gushyirwaho uduce 1 kugeza kuri 2 turwanya kunyerera ku ruhande rw'imbere rw'icyuma gifata icyuma, gifite uburebure bwa mm 2, kugira ngo habeho gukururana kurushaho iyo ukuboko k'umukoresha gucitse gato. Hari ibicuruzwa binashyiramo agace gatuma icyuma gifata icyuma kiri munsi y'icyuma gifata icyuma. Umurambararo w'icyuma gifata icyuma ni mm 25, bigakora imiterere y'impandeshatu hamwe n'icyuma gifata icyuma. Ibi byongera igihe cyose ibikoresho birwanya kunyerera ku kigero cya 35% kandi bikarinda ibikoresho kunyerera ku kigero cyabyo bitewe n'imbaraga zo ku ruhande rumwe.
Icya kabiri, kunoza uburyo imyitozo ngororamubiri ihura n'imimerere: Guhuza imiterere y'umubiri w'abageze mu zabukuru n'abatangira
Imikorere y’umubiri (nk’imbaraga z’imitsi, imikorere y’umutima n’ibihaha, n’ubushobozi bwo kuringaniza imikorere) y’abageze mu za bukuru n’abakiri bato iratandukanye cyane n’iy’abakora imyitozo isanzwe. Umutambagiro wo gutemberamo ugera ku buryo bwizewe binyuze mu guhindura ibipimo by’imyitozo no kuwurinda.
1. Ingano yo guhindura umuvuduko: Kugenzura neza umuvuduko uri hasi
Umuvuduko w'abageze mu za bukuru n'abatangiye kugenda muri rusange uba uri hasi kandi baba bumva impinduka mu muvuduko. Ingano yo guhindura umuvuduko w'amatafari yo kugenda ifite imigozi igomba kuba hagati ya 0.3km/h na 6km/h. Mu muvuduko muto wa 0.3km/h kugeza 2km/h, hagomba kubaho impinduka z'umuvuduko utagira intambwe, hamwe n'ikosa ryo guhindura umuvuduko ritarenze 0.1km/h, kugira ngo hirindwe ingaruka zo gutangira guterwa n'umuvuduko muto cyane (akenshi 1km/h) mu bikoresho bisanzwe. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko iyo umuvuduko w'abageze mu za bukuru ugabanutse kuva kuri 1km/h ukagera kuri 0.5km/h, guhagarara kw'abageze mu za bukuru kwiyongeraho 52%, kandi imbaraga zo gutera ku butaka bw'ikirenge zigabanukaho 23%, bigabanura neza umutwaro w'igitutu ku ngingo z'amavi n'akaguru.
Hagati aho, akabuto ko guhindura umuvuduko kagomba gukoresha igishushanyo kinini (cyangwa umurambararo wa ≥25mm), gifite imiterere idacika ku buso n'intera ya ≥30mm, kugira ngo byorohereze imikorere myiza y'abageze mu za bukuru cyangwa abakoresha intoki zabo zidakora neza kandi birinde impinduka zitunguranye z'umuvuduko ziterwa no gukorakora ku buryo butunguranye.
2. Uburyo bwo gufata ibyuma bifunga n'ibifunga: Bigabanya kwangirika kw'ingingo
Kugabanuka kwa cartilage y'imitsi mu bageze mu za bukuru (ubunini bwa cartilage mu bantu barengeje imyaka 60 buri munsi ya 40% ugereranyije n'igihe bari bakiri bato), kandi abashya ntibagira uburyo bwo gupfuka imitsi neza. Byombi bishobora kwangirika ingingo bitewe n'ingaruka z'ubutaka bukomeye. Munsi y'umukandara wo kwiruka hamwe n'imigozi yo kugenderaho na MAT, hagomba gushyirwaho imiterere myinshi y'imitsi.
Urusobe rw'ubuso bw'ikinyabutabire:Yakozwe mu bikoresho bya EVA bifite ubucucike bwinshi, ifite ubugari bwa ≥8mm, igipimo cyo gukandagira cya ≥85%, kandi ishobora kwinjiza 30% by'imbaraga z'ingufu iyo iguye.
Icyiciro cyo hagati cy'inkunga:Hakoreshwa ikibaho cy’imiterere y’ibishishwa bya PP, gifite imyenge y’ibishishwa ya 5mm × 5mm, ibi bikaba bituma gishyigikirwa mu gihe gikomeza gukwirakwiza umuvuduko.
Agapapuro ko hasi gashobora kuvura impanuka:Yakozwe muri rubber karemano, ifite ubugari bwa ≥5mm n'ubukana bwa Shore bwa 45±5HA, ikwiriye urwego rutandukanye rw'ubukana bw'ubutaka (nk'amatafari ya ceramic n'ubutaka bw'imbaho), ikarinda ingaruka za kabiri ziterwa no guhindagura kw'ibikoresho ku butaka.
Nyuma yo gupimwa, byagaragaye ko agatambaro ko gutemberamo gafite uburyo bwose bwo gupfuka gashobora kugabanya imbaraga zo gukubita ikirenge ku kirenge ku kigero cya 45% n'umuvuduko ku ngingo y'ivi ku kigero cya 38%, bigabanya cyane ibyago byo gukomereka ku ngingo.
3. Uburyo bwo gufasha kuringaniza: Gukosora mu buryo bwihuse uburyo bwo kunyura mu nzira
Uburyo abageze mu za bukuru n'abashya bagenda buhagaze nabi, kandi bakunze kunyura mu nzira (nk'impinduka z'ibirenge cyangwa uburebure bw'ibirenge) cyangwa intambwe zitangana.MATEKA yo kugenda n'imigozi ifite imigoziZifite sisitemu yo kumenya uko bigenda. Imashini ipima umuvuduko (umuvuduko wo gupima ≥100Hz) munsi y'umukandara wo kwiruka igenzura aho ikirenge giherereye mu gihe nyacyo. Iyo kunyura mu nzira birengeje mm 15, igikoresho kizamenyesha binyuze mu kuzunguruka kw'icyuma cyo ku ruhande (umuvuduko wo kunyura 50Hz-80Hz, amplitude ≤1mm). Muri icyo gihe, umuvuduko uzagabanukaho 10% kugeza kuri 20% kugeza igihe inzira igarutse ku buryo busanzwe. Iyi mikorere ishobora kugabanya ibyago byo kunyura mu nzira ku kigero cya 60%, kandi ikwiriye cyane cyane abakoresha bageze mu zabukuru bafite ubushobozi buke bwo kuringaniza.
Icya gatatu, uburyo bwo kurinda ubutabazi bwihutirwa: Ingwate y'umutekano mu guhangana n'ibibazo bitunguranye
Ibintu bitunguranye mu gihe cy'imyitozo ngororamubiri, nko kubabara umubiri cyangwa imikorere mibi y'ibikoresho, ni isoko ikomeye y'ibyago by'umutekano. Umutambagiro wo kugenderaho, unyuze mu buryo butandukanye bwo kurinda ubutabazi bwihuse, utuma umuntu yihutira guhangana n'ibyago.
1. Sisitemu yo guhagarara byihutirwa: Gufata feri vuba hamwe n'uburyo bwinshi bwo gutwika
Uburyo bwo guhagarika byihutirwa bugomba kugira uburyo bwinshi bwo gukurura kugira ngo abakoresha bashobore guhagarika byihuse igikoresho mu gihe cy’impanuka. Uburyo bw’ingenzi bwo gukurura burimo:
Akabuto k'ubutabazi bwihutirwa ko gufata intoki:Ishyizwe ahantu horoshye kuhagera ku mpera y'imbere y'umugozi. Ibara ry'utubuto ni umutuku utangaje, rifite umurambararo wa ≥30mm. Nyuma yo gukanda, ibikoresho bigomba guhagarika gukora mu masegonda 0.5, kandi intera yo kugenda y'umukandara igomba kuba ≤100mm.
Urufunguzo rw'umutekano rufatanye:Ifite urufunguzo rw'umutekano rwa rukuruzi, impera imwe ihuzwa n'imyenda y'umukoresha hanyuma indi impera ishyirwa muri icyo gikoresho. Iyo urufunguzo ruvuye kuri icyo gikoresho, umukandara ugenda ugomba gufunga mu masegonda 0.3, kandi umuvuduko wo gusubiza uba wihuta ho 40% ugereranije n'urufunguzo rusanzwe rwo kurinda umutekano.
Guhagarara k'uburyo bwo kumva igitutu:Agace ko kumenya umuvuduko (ubugari bwa ≥50mm) gashyirwa ku nkombe y'umukandara ugenda. Iyo umuvuduko ku ruhande rumwe urenze 50kg (nk'igihe umukoresha yegereye ku nkombe), umuvuduko uzagabanuka mu buryo bwikora kandi inzogera ikazatangira. Iyo idasubiye uko bisanzwe mu masegonda 10, igikorwa kizahagarara.
2. Uburinzi bw'umutwaro mwinshi n'ubushyuhe bwinshi: Kugabanya umutekano mu mikorere y'ibikoresho
Ibura ry'ibikoresho naryo ni ikintu cy'ingenzi gitera impanuka mu mutekano. Udupira tw'abanyamaguru dufite imigozi tugomba kugira imikorere yuzuye yo kurinda umutwaro no gushyuha cyane. Umupaka wo kurinda umutwaro wa moteri ugomba gushyirwaho inshuro 1.2 z'imbaraga zigenwa. Iyo umutwaro wa moteri urenze umupaka, ibikoresho bizahita bihagarika amashanyarazi kandi byerekane kode y'ikosa. Ubushyuhe bwa moteri bugerwaho binyuze mu cyuma gipima ubushyuhe bw'imbere (igipimo cy'ubushyuhe -20 ℃ kugeza 150 ℃, ubuziranenge ± 1 ℃). Iyo ubushyuhe bwa moteri burenze 120 ℃, ubushyuhe burenze umupaka buratangira, bigatuma imashini izima kugira ngo ikonje kugira ngo hirindwe ibyago by'umuriro uterwa no gutwika moteri.
Byongeye kandi, umugozi w'amashanyarazi w'ibikoresho ugomba kubahiriza ibipimo ngenderwaho bya IEC 60335, ufite umurambararo w'insinga wa ≥0.75mm², kandi ufite plug yo kurinda umuvuduko wa 10A. Ubudahangarwa bw'icyuma cyo gufunga bugomba kuba ≤0.1Ω kugira ngo hirindwe impanuka z'amashanyarazi ziterwa no kuva amazi.
3. Sisitemu yo gutanga amakuru ku majwi n'urumuri: Gutanga amakuru y'umutekano mu buryo nyabwo mu gihe nyacyo
Abageze mu zabukuru n'abashya bafite ubushobozi buke bwo kumenya uko ibikoresho bihagaze, kandi ni ngombwa kunoza uburyo amakuru y'umutekano atangwa binyuze mu majwi n'urumuri. Iyo ibikoresho biri gukora, bigomba kuba bifite:
Kugaragaza umuvuduko:Ikoresha ecran ya LED ya digitale tube, ifite uburebure bwa digitale bwa ≥25mm n'urumuri rwa ≥300cd/m², ituma abageze mu zabukuru bashobora kuyibona neza muri metero 3.
Itangazo ry'ikosa: Ubwoko butandukanye bw'ikosa buhuye n'inshuro zitandukanye z'ikosa ry'ikosa (urugero, ikosa rimwe kuri buri segonda ku muvuduko udasanzwe na ikosa 2 kuri buri segonda ku bushyuhe bwinshi cyane), kandi biherekezwa n'urumuri rw'itara ry'umutuku ryerekana ikosa.
Ubuyobozi bw'imikorere:Iyo ikoreshejwe bwa mbere, ikoresha uburyo bwo kuyobora ijwi (ishyigikira guhinduranya indimi nyinshi), yerekana uburyo bwo gufata umugozi, uburyo bwo guhindura umuvuduko n'uburyo bwo guhagarika byihutirwa. Ingano y'ijwi ishobora guhindurwa mu rugero rwa 50dB-80dB, ikwiriye abakoresha bafite ubumuga bwo kumva butandukanye.
Icya kane, uburyo bwo gukoresha ibintu mu buryo bwagutse: Gukurikiza ibisabwa bitandukanye by'umutekano
Igishushanyo mbonera cy'umutekano wakugenda n'amaguruUmutambagiro ntukwiriye gusa mu bikorwa byo kugenda n'amaguru bisanzwe, ahubwo ushobora no kongerwa no mu mahugurwa yo kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe, ubufasha bwa buri munsi n'ibindi bintu, bikongera agaciro k'ikoreshwa ryawo.
1. Guhindura amahugurwa yo gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe: Gufasha gukira nyuma yo kubagwa
Ku bantu bakize nyuma yo kubagwa ingingo (nk'uko babazwe ivi), MAT yo kugenda ifite imigozi ishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho byo guhugura abantu mu buryo bwo kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe. Mu kwiruka ku muvuduko uri hasi cyane wa 0.3km/h kugeza kuri 1km/h kandi hamwe n'inkunga ihamye y'imigozi, abakoresha bashobora gukora imyitozo yo kugenda mu buryo bwizewe kandi buhoro buhoro bagasubiza imbaraga z'imitsi n'uburyo ingingo zigenda. Hari ibicuruzwa binashyigikira guhuza porogaramu zo kuvura indwara, zifata amakuru y'ingendo (nk'ubukangurambaga, intambwe, n'inguni yo kugwa) binyuze mu byuma bipima ku migozi, bigatanga ishingiro ry'amahugurwa ku bavuzi bavura indwara zo mu mutwe no kongera umutekano n'akamaro k'amahugurwa yo kuvura indwara ku kigero cya 40%.
2. Imirimo y'ubufasha ya buri munsi: Yongera uburyo bworoshye bwo kuyikoresha
Ukurikije ibyo abageze mu zabukuru bakeneye buri munsi, igitambaro cyo gutemberamo gishobora gukorwa gifite izindi nshingano z’inyongera. Urugero, icyuma gifata amazi (gifite ubushobozi bwo gutwara ≥500g n’umurambararo wa 70mm-90mm) cyongerwa ku ruhande rw’igitambaro kugira ngo hirindwe ubusumbane buterwa n’abakoresha bapfukama kugira ngo bafate amazi. Igice cyo hejuru cy’igitambaro gifite agace gafite icyuma gifunganye (inguni 0°-60° ihinduka), gafasha gufata amasahani arambuye muri santimetero 10, ibyo bikaba byoroshye ku bakoresha kureba amashusho yigisha cyangwa ibikubiye mu myidagaduro kandi bigabanya kurangara kw’ibitekerezo mu gihe cyo kugenda. Hari ibicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe byongera amapine agendanwa (afite umurambararo wa ≥50mm n’imikorere yo gufunga) munsi y’igikoresho. Hamwe n’igishushanyo mbonera cy’igitambaro, imbaraga zisabwa kugira ngo igikoresho kigende zigabanukaho 60%, bigatuma abageze mu zabukuru bashobora guhindura uko igikoresho gihagaze ku giti cyabo.
Umutambagiro wo ku nkuta ukemura neza ibibazo by’umutekano by’abageze mu za bukuru n’abakiri bato binyuze mu miterere myiza y’inkunga, imiterere ijyanye n’imikino n’uburyo bwo kurinda abantu mu gihe cy’impanuka. Akamaro kawo k’ingenzi ntikari mu kugabanya ibyago byo kugwa gusa, ahubwo kanatuma abakoresha barushaho kwizera imyitozo ngororamubiri binyuze mu gushushanya mu buryo bwa siyansi - amakuru agaragaza ko igipimo cy’abageze mu za bukuru bakoresha imitambagiro yo ku nkuta ku maguru kiri hejuru ya 65% ugereranyije n’abakoresha imitambagiro isanzwe yo ku nkuta, kandi inshuro z’abatangira imyitozo ngororamubiri nazo ziyongeraho 38%. Mu guhitamo ibikoresho byo gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri byo mu rugo, umutekano ni wo ushyirwa imbere. Umutambagiro wo ku nkuta, hamwe no guhuza cyane imiterere y’umubiri w’abantu b’ingeri runaka, wabaye amahitamo meza ahuza umutekano n’imikorere, uha abantu benshi uburambe mu myitozo ngororamubiri yo mu rugo mu mutekano kandi bunogeye.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-29-2025