Amagambo y'Ubucuruzi Mpuzamahanga yasobanuwe: Guhitamo hagati ya FOB, CIF, na EXW mu gihe ugura utwuma duto
Guhitamo amasezerano mpuzamahanga y'ubucuruzi nka FOB, CIF, cyangwa EXW mu gihe cyo kugura terefone zo mu bwoko bwa treadmill niho abaguzi bambukiranya imipaka bakunze gucika intege. Abaguzi benshi bashya, badashobora gutandukanya imbibi z'inshingano muri aya masezerano, baba bafite ikiguzi cy'ubwishingizi n'imizigo bitari ngombwa cyangwa bakagira inshingano zidasobanutse nyuma yo kwangirika kw'imizigo, kubangamira ibirego ndetse no gutinza gahunda yo kuyitanga. Dushingiye ku bunararibonye bufatika mu gutanga amasoko mu nganda zo mu bwoko bwa tremblemill, iyi nkuru isobanura neza inshingano, igenamiterere ry'ibiciro, n'igabanywa ry'ibyago by'aya magambo atatu y'ingenzi. Ihujwe n'inyigo z'ibyabaye mu isi nyayo, itanga ingamba zo guhitamo zigamije kugufasha kugenzura neza ibiciro no kwirinda ibyago. Hanyuma, tuzasesengura ikoreshwa ryihariye rya buri gihembwe mu gutanga amasoko yo mu bwoko bwa tremblemill.
Igihe cya FOB: Nigute wagenzura uburyo bwo kohereza ibicuruzwa n'ibiciro mu gihe ugura utwuma duto two gutekaho ibinyabiziga?
Ihame ry'ingenzi rya FOB (Free on Board) ni "kohereza ibyago ku bicuruzwa binyura mu nzira y'ubwato." Ku bijyanye no kugura treadmill, umugurisha ashinzwe gusa gutegura ibicuruzwa, kurangiza kwishyura imisoro yo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga, no kubigeza ku cyambu cyagenwe cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa kugira ngo bishyirwe mu bwato bw'umuguzi bwagenwe.
Umuguzi afata ikiguzi n'ingaruka zose zikurikiraho, harimo gutwara imizigo yo mu nyanja, ubwishingizi bw'imizigo, no kwishyura ibicuruzwa byo ku cyambu cy'aho bijya. Amakuru agaragaza ko FOB ari ryo jambo rikoreshwa cyane mu kugura ibyuma bikoreshwa mu ikoranabuhanga ryambukiranya imipaka, ringana na 45% by'ibipimo. Rikwiriye cyane cyane abaguzi bafite abafatanyabikorwa bahamye mu bijyanye n'ibikoresho.
Twakoreye umuguzi wo muri Amerika ya Ruguru wakoresheje andi magambo mu buryo butari bwo mu gihe cye cya mbere.ikibuga cy'imitako cy'ubucuruzikugura, byatumye ibiciro by’ibikoresho byiyongeraho 20%. Nyuma yo guhindura amabwiriza ya FOB Ningbo, bakoresheje ikigo cyabo gishinzwe itumanaho kugira ngo bahuze umutungo, bagabanya ikiguzi cyo gutwara imizigo yo mu mazi ho $1.800 kuri buri gice cy’imodoka 50 zitwara abagenzi. Icy'ingenzi kurushaho, babonye ububasha ku gihe cyo gutwara imizigo, birinda kubura ububiko mu bihe by’ubushyuhe.
Abaguzi benshi bibaza bati: “Ni nde wishyura amafaranga yo gupakira iyo ukoresha FOB kuri treadmill?” Ibi biterwa n’amabwiriza yihariye. Mu bijyanye n’amabwiriza ya FOB, amafaranga yo gupakira ni inshingano z’umuguzi; niba FOB irimo amafaranga yo kubika, umugurisha ni we uyatanga. Ku bicuruzwa binini nka treadmill, abaguzi bagomba kubisobanura mu masezerano mbere y’igihe kugira ngo birinde amakimbirane.
Amabwiriza ya CIF: Nigute wakoroshya kugura utwuma two guterura no kugabanya ibyago byo kohereza ibicuruzwa?
CIF (Ikiguzi, Ubwishingizi, n'Ubwikorezi), izwi cyane nka "ikiguzi, ubwishingizi, n'ubwikorezi," iracyatanga ibyago iyo ipakiye ubwato, ntabwo igeze ku cyambu cyo kujyaho.
Umugurisha ni we wishyura ikiguzi cyo gutegura ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga, gutumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga, gutwara ibicuruzwa mu mazi, n'ubwishingizi buke. Umuguzi ni we ushinzwe gutumiza ibicuruzwa mu cyambu cy'aho bijya ndetse n'ibindi bizakurikiraho. Ku bicuruzwa biremereye kandi byoroshye nk'imodoka zo gutemberamo, amasezerano ya CIF afasha abaguzi kwiteganyiriza ubwishingizi bwabo no gutumiza ahantu ho kohereza ibicuruzwa, bigatuma biba byiza cyane ku baguzi bashya.
Umucuruzi w’ibikoresho by’imyitozo ngororamubiri w’i Burayi, wari uhangayikishijwe n’ibyangirika bishobora kubaho mu gihe cyo kohereza kandi akaba atazi neza ubwishingizi, yahisemo gukoresha CIF Hamburg igihe yaguraga treadmill zo mu rugo bwa mbere. Ubwo koherezaga byaguye imvura nyinshi mu gihe cyo gutwara, bituma ipaki ya treadmill yangirika. Kubera ko umucuruzi yari afite ubwishingizi bwa All Risks, umucuruzi yahawe indishyi nziza ya €8.000, yirinda igihombo cyose. Iyo aza guhitamo ubwishingizi bwa FOB, umuguzi yari kwikorera igihombo bitewe n’ubwishingizi bwatinze.
Ikibazo gikunze kugaragara: “Ese ubwishingizi bwa CIF burengera burundu igihombo cya treadmill?” Ubuvuzi busanzwe ni 110% by'agaciro k'ibicuruzwa, burimo ikiguzi, imizigo, n'inyungu yitezwe. Ku ma treadmill y'ubucuruzi afite agaciro kanini, ubwishingizi bw'inyongera bwa All Risks burasabwa kugira ngo hirindwe kwangwa kw'ibirego by'ibyangiritse by'ibice by'imbere mu modoka bitewe n'impanuka cyangwa gutigita.
Amagambo ya EXW: Ese gutanga ibicuruzwa mu ruganda bitwara neza cyangwa bifite akaga mu kugura Treadmill?
EXW (Ex Works) ishyiraho inshingano ntoya ku mugurisha—gutegura ibicuruzwa mu ruganda cyangwa mu bubiko gusa. Ibikoresho byose bikurikiraho biba iby'umuguzi gusa.
Umuguzi agomba gutegura ku giti cye uburyo bwo gutwara abantu, gutwara abantu mu gihugu, gutumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga, gutwara ibicuruzwa mu mahanga, n'ubwishingizi, ndetse n'ingaruka zose zijyanye nabyo mu gihe cyose cy'igikorwa. Nubwo ibiciro bya EXW bisa nkaho ari bike cyane, bihisha ibiciro bikomeye byihishe. Imibare igaragaza ko abaguzi bashya bakoresha EXW mu kugura treadmill binjiza amafaranga y'inyongera angana na 15%-20% by'igiciro cyatanzwe.
Umukozi wo mu gihugu utaratangira gutanga amasoko yambukiranya imipaka yashatse kuzigama amafaranga agura ibyuma 100 byo guteretamo (treadmill) hakurikijwe amasezerano ya EXW. Kutamenya neza ibijyanye no kohereza ibicuruzwa muri gasutamo byatinze koherezwa mu mahanga iminsi 7, bitwara amafaranga y'amadolari 300 yo gufunga ku cyambu. Nyuma y’ibyo, umutanga serivisi z’ibikoresho utari uw’umwuga yateje imihindagurikire y’ibyuma bibiri byo guteretamo mu gihe cyo gutwara abantu, bituma amafaranga yose arenga ayo mu masezerano ya CIF.
Abaguzi bakunze kwibaza bati: “Ni ryari EXW ikwiriye kugura treadmill?” Ikwiriye abaguzi b’inararibonye bafite amatsinda y’abaguzi bakuze bashobora gucunga ibikorwa byo gutumiza no kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga ku giti cyabo kandi bagashaka ibiciro bito cyane. Ku bashya cyangwa abagura ibintu bike, ntabwo byemewe nk'amahitamo y'ibanze.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa: Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa ku Mabwiriza y'Ubucuruzi ku Gutanga Imashini Zikoreshwa mu Gutembera mu Mipaka
1. Ese hari itandukaniro mu guhitamo igihe cyo gukoresha mu rugo ugereranije n'igihe cyo kugura ibyuma bikoreshwa mu rugo?
Yego. Amamashini yo mu rugo afite agaciro gato k’imodoka n’ingano nto y’imodoka zitwara abantu; abatangira bashobora gushyira imbere CIF kugira ngo byorohe. Amamashini yo mu bucuruzi afite agaciro kanini k’imodoka n’ingano nini y’imodoka zitwara abantu; abaguzi bafite ubushobozi bwo gutwara ibintu bashobora guhitamo FOB kugira ngo bagenzure ibiciro, cyangwa bagahitamo CIF ifite ubwishingizi bw’ibyago byose kugira ngo bongererwe umutekano.
2. Ni ibihe bisobanuro by'amasezerano bigomba kwandikwa mu gihe hagenwa amasezerano yo kugura treadmill yambukiranya imipaka?
Ingingo enye z'ingenzi zigomba gusobanurwa neza:
Ubwa mbere, garagaza ahantu habigenewe (urugero, FOB Ningbo, CIF Los Angeles) kugira ngo hirindwe ko ibintu bitagaragara neza.
Icya kabiri, garagaza ikiguzi cyo kugabanya, harimo n'inshingano zo kwishyura imizigo n'amafaranga yo kubika.
Icya gatatu, sobanura ingingo z'ubwishingizi ugaragaza ubwoko bw'ubwishingizi n'amafaranga y'ubwishingizi.
Icya kane, garagaza uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo by’ubwinjiracyaha hashyirwaho uburyo bwo kwishyura ikiguzi cyo gutinda gutanga ibicuruzwa cyangwa ibyangiritse ku mitwaro.
3. Uretse FOB, CIF, na EXW, hari andi mategeko akwiriye yo kugura treadmill?
Yego. Niba usaba umugurisha kuzana ibicuruzwa mu bubiko bw'imodoka, hitamo DAP (Delivered At Place), aho umugurisha ajyana ibicuruzwa ahantu hagenwe kandi umuguzi akaba ari we ukemura ikibazo cya gasutamo. Kugira ngo ubone inzira iboneye, hitamo DDP (Delivered Utility Paid), aho umugurisha yishyura ikiguzi cyose n'amabwiriza ya gasutamo, nubwo igiciro cyatanzwe kizaba kiri hejuru—kibereye kugura imodoka zo mu bwoko bwa treadmill zigezweho.
Muri make, iyo utanga amasokoamapine yo kwiruka, ikintu cy'ingenzi cyo guhitamo hagati ya FOB, CIF, cyangwa EXW ni uguhuza n'umutungo wawe no kwihanganira ingaruka: abafite uburambe mu by'itumanaho bashobora guhitamo FOB kugumana ubuyobozi; abatangiye cyangwa abashaka umutekano bashobora guhitamo CIF kugira ngo bagabanye ibyago; abaguzi b'inararibonye bakurikirana ibiciro biri hasi bashobora guhitamo EXW. Gusobanura neza inshingano kuri buri gihembwe bituma habaho kugenzura neza ibiciro no kwirinda amakimbirane. Ku baguzi bambuka imipaka n'abakiriya ba B2B, guhitamo igihe cy'ubucuruzi gikwiye ni intambwe y'ingenzi mu gutanga serivisi nziza zo kugura treadmill. Kumenya neza iyi ngingo yo guhitamo byoroshya inzira yo gutanga amasoko kandi bikongera kugenzura ikiguzi. Gusobanukirwa itandukaniro n'amahitamo akwiye hagati ya FOB, CIF, na EXW ni ingenzi mu kwemeza ko amasoko akorwa neza.
Ibisobanuro bya Meta
Iyi nkuru isesengura neza itandukaniro riri hagati ya FOB, CIF, na EXW—amagambo atatu akomeye mpuzamahanga mu bucuruzi akoreshwa mu kugura treadmill. Ikoresheje ingero z’inganda zisanzwe, isobanura igabanywa ry’inshingano, ikiguzi, n’ingaruka muri buri gihembwe, itanga ingamba zijyanye no guhitamo. Fasha abaguzi bambuka imipaka n’abakiriya ba B2B kugenzura neza ibiciro no kwirinda ingaruka zo kugura. Menya ubuhanga bwo guhitamo amagambo y’ubucuruzi mu kugura treadmill zambuka imipaka kandi ubone ubuyobozi bw’umwuga mu kugura ubu ngubu!
Amagambo y'ingenzi
Amabwiriza y'ubucuruzi bw'ibikoresho byo gupima umupira w'amaguru biva mu mipaka, kugura ibikoresho byo gupima umupira w'amaguru FOB CIF EXW, amasezerano y'ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga yo gupima umupira w'amaguru biva mu miryango, kugenzura ikiguzi cyo kugura ibikoresho byo gupima umupira w'amaguru biva mu mipaka, kugabanya ibyago byo kugura ibikoresho byo gupima umupira w'amaguru
Igihe cyo kohereza: Mutarama-08-2026