Mu gihe uguze ibyuma bikoreshwa mu kuguruka ku mipaka, kubahiriza amategeko n'impamyabushobozi ni byo by'ingenzi mu kumenya niba ibicuruzwa bishobora kwinjira ku isoko ry'ubucuruzi kandi bikagira umutekano mu mikoreshereze yabyo. Ibihugu bitandukanye n'uturere bifite amategeko asobanutse ku birebana n'amabwiriza y'umutekano, guhuza ingufu za elegitoroniki, ibisabwa mu kurinda ibidukikije, nibindi ku bikoresho byo kwimenyereza umwuga. Kwirengagiza ibisobanuro birambuye ku mategeko bishobora gutuma ibicuruzwa bifungwa cyangwa bigasubizwa mu rugo gusa, ahubwo binatera ibibazo by'amategeko n'ibyemezo by'ikirango. Kubwibyo, gusobanukirwa neza no kubahiriza ibisabwa mu bijyanye n'amategeko no kwemeza ni ingenzi cyane mu itangwa ry'amasoko.
Akamaro k'ingenzi ko kubahiriza amategeko n'icyemezo ni ugushyiraho "icyemezo" cy'uko ibicuruzwa byinjira ku isoko mu gihe habungabungwa uburenganzira n'inyungu z'abakoresha. Nk'igikoresho cy'amashanyarazi gikoresha amashanyarazi, ibyuma bipima amaguru bifite ibipimo byinshi by'ibyago nko kurinda amashanyarazi, umutekano w'imiterere y'ibikoresho, no kubangamira amashanyarazi. Amabwiriza agenga icyemezo ni amabwiriza y'itegeko cyangwa y'ubushake yashyizweho kuri ibi bipimo. Ni mu kwemeza icyemezo gihuye gusa, ibicuruzwa bishobora kubahiriza amategeko yo kugera ku isoko no kwemerwa n'abaguzi n'abafatanyabikorwa mu miyoboro.
Ibisabwa by'ingenzi ku masoko akomeye ku isi
1. Isoko rya Amerika y'Amajyaruguru: Hitamo umutekano w'amashanyarazi no kurinda ikoreshwa ryawo
Impamyabushobozi z'ingenzi muri Amerika ya Ruguru zirimo icyemezo cya UL/CSA n'icyemezo cya FCC. Icyemezo cya UL/CSA kigamije ikoranabuhanga ry'amashanyarazi ryaamapine yo kwiruka, ikubiyemo imikorere y'umutekano w'ibice nka moteri, imiyoboro, n'amaswichi, kugira ngo hirindwe ko ibikoresho bidateza ibyago nko gushoka kw'amashanyarazi n'inkongi mu gihe gisanzwe no mu bihe bidasanzwe. Icyemezo cya FCC cyibanda ku guhuza ingufu za elegitoroniki, gisaba ko imirasire ya elegitoroniki ikorwa n'icyuma gitembera mu gihe cyo gukora idahungabanya ibindi bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, kandi icyarimwe ishobora kurwanya ingaruka za elegitoroniki zo hanze kugira ngo ikore neza. Byongeye kandi, ibicuruzwa bigomba kubahiriza amahame ya ASTM ajyanye nabyo, agaragaza neza ibimenyetso by'umutekano bya mekanike nko kudatembera k'umukandara wo kwiruka, imikorere yo guhagarara byihutirwa, n'umupaka w'icyuma gitembera mu buryo budashobora kwikorera.
2. Isoko ry'i Burayi: Gukwirakwiza mu buryo bwuzuye umutekano no kurengera ibidukikije
Isoko ry’i Burayi rifata icyemezo cya CE nk'urwego rw'ingenzi rwo kwinjira, kandi ibyuma bitwara amaguru bigomba kuzuza ibisabwa byinshi. Muri byo, Amabwiriza y’Umuvuduko Uciriritse (LVD) agena urwego rw’umutekano w’amashanyarazi ku bikoresho by’amashanyarazi, Amabwiriza yo Guhuza Electromagnetic (EMC) agenzura ubushobozi bwo kwirinda ingaruka z’amashanyarazi no kurwanya ingaruka mbi, naho Amabwiriza y’Ubushobozi bwo Gukoresha Mechanical (MD) atanga amabwiriza arambuye ku miterere y’ibikoresho, kurinda ibice byimuka, sisitemu zo gufunga byihutirwa, nibindi. Byongeye kandi, bimwe mu bihugu bigize EU nabyo bisaba ko ibicuruzwa byubahiriza amabwiriza ya REACH, bikagabanya ikoreshwa ry’ibintu byangiza mu bikoresho, kandi icyarimwe, bigomba kuzuza ibisabwa n’amabwiriza ya RoHS ku byuma biremereye, ibidakoresha umuriro n’ibindi bintu mu bikoresho by’amashanyarazi n’iby’ikoranabuhanga.
3. Aziya n'utundi turere: Dukurikije amahame ndangamuco y'akarere
Mu masoko akomeye muri Aziya, Ubuyapani busaba ko ibyuma bikoresha umupira wo mu bwoko bwa “treadmill” bihabwa icyemezo cya PSE, bigakoresha ibizamini bikomeye ku mutekano w'amashanyarazi n'imikorere y'ubushyuhe. Muri Koreya y'Epfo, ibisabwa ku mutekano w'amashanyarazi no guhuza ingufu za electromagnetic bya KC bigomba kubahirizwa. Ibihugu bimwe byo muri Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba, mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati n'ahandi bizakurikiza amahame ya Komisiyo Mpuzamahanga y'Ubuhanga mu by'Amashanyarazi (IEC) cyangwa bigakoresha ibyemezo by'ingenzi biva mu Burayi na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika nk'ishingiro ryo kugera ku isoko. Mu gihe cyo kugura ibintu, ni ngombwa guhuza isoko ryihariye no kwemeza niba hari andi mategeko y'akarere mu gace runaka kugira ngo hirindwe ingaruka zo kubahiriza amategeko ziterwa no kutubahiriza amategeko.
Ingingo z'ingenzi zigomba kwitabwaho mu bijyanye no gutanga amasoko mu mahanga
1. Icyemezo kigomba kuba gikubiyemo ingano zose z'ibicuruzwa
Icyemezo cyo kubahiriza amategeko si igenzura ry’icyiciro kimwe; kigomba gushingira ku bintu byinshi nko mu by’amashanyarazi, mu by’imashini, mu by’ibikoresho, no mu by’amashanyarazi. Urugero, kubona icyemezo cy’umutekano w’amashanyarazi gusa ukirengagiza ibimenyetso nk’umuvuduko w’umukandara ugenda n’ubudahangarwa bw’imigozi mu miterere y’imashini bishobora kunanirwa kuzuza ibisabwa ku isoko. Mu gihe ugura, ni ngombwa kwemeza niba icyemezo cy’ibicuruzwa cyujuje ibisabwa byose ku isoko ry’ubucuruzi.
2. Witondere ubuziranenge n'ivugurura ry'icyemezo
Icyemezo cy’iyemezabuguzi gifite itariki ntarengwa, kandi amahame ajyanye nacyo azavugururwa kandi avugururwe buri gihe. Mu gihe cyo kugura, ni ngombwa kugenzura niba icyemezo kiri mu gihe cyacyo cyonyine no kwemeza niba ibicuruzwa byujuje ibisabwa n’ibipimo biheruka by’amabwiriza. Mu turere tumwe na tumwe, igenzura rya buri mwaka cyangwa isuzuma risanzwe rikorwa ku byemezo. Kwirengagiza kuvugurura bishobora gutuma ibyemezo by’umwimerere bita agaciro.
3. Ibirango by'iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko bishyirwaho ikimenyetso mu buryo busanzwe
Nyuma yo gutsinda icyemezo, ibicuruzwa bigomba gushyirwaho ikimenyetso cy’icyitegererezo gihuye nacyo, icyitegererezo, amakuru y’umusaruro n’ibindi bikubiye muri icyo kimenyetso uko bikenewe. Aho biherereye, ingano n’imiterere y’ikimenyetso bigomba gukurikiza neza amahame yo mu gace biherereyemo. Urugero, ikimenyetso cya CE kigomba kuba cyanditse neza ku mubiri w’ibicuruzwa cyangwa ku ipaki yo hanze kandi ntikigomba gufungwa; bitabaye ibyo, bishobora gufatwa nk’ibitujuje ibisabwa.
Iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko n'icyemezo cyo kugura ibicuruzwa byambukiranya imipaka yaamapine yo kwirukamu by’ukuri bitanga garanti ebyiri ku bwiza bw’ibicuruzwa n’imikorere y’umutekano, kandi bikaba ishingiro ryo kwaguka neza ku isoko mpuzamahanga. Gusobanukirwa neza ibisabwa ku isoko ry’ubucuruzi n’ihitamo ry’ibicuruzwa byujuje ibisabwa mu kubahiriza amategeko ntarengwa bishobora kwirinda gusa ibyago nko gufunga imisoro no kugaruza ibicuruzwa no kubisaba, ahubwo binatuma isoko rirushaho gupiganwa mu gihe kirekire binyuze mu izina ry’ibicuruzwa bitekanye kandi byizewe.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-19-2025